The country used the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months. In between publishing the Strategy and Action Plan, the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Many other Armenians migrated to Europe and North America. According to Gallup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has one of the highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rates in eastern Europe. To the north and east Armenia is bounded by Georgia and Azerbaijan, while its neighbours to the southeast and west are, respectively, Iran and Turkey. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916. Becoming a prime location for scientific specialization in the European Research Area. While Armenia is geographically located in the South Caucasus, it is generally considered geopolitically European. [211], The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism. [38] It has also been speculated that the land of Ermenen (located in or near Minni), mentioned by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III in 1446 BC, could be a reference to Armenia. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts. “the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law". Armenia (/ɑːrˈmiːniə/ (listen);[14] Armenian: Հայաստան, romanized: Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia,[a] is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. [190], Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301.[202][203][204]. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic. [132] Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state,[133] some[who?] [154], The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. Eastern Armenian – arevelahayeren Eastern and Western Armenian developed during the 19th century as a result of the division between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. The Armenian Church defines religious groups operating outside its domain as "sects" and, in the words of spokesman Bishop Arshak Khachatrian, considers that "their activities in Armenia are nothing but a denial of the creed of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is considered the national religion of the Armenian people". The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara. Print. [73][74] This period is known as Russian Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. [77][78] There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. Gross enrollment in tertiary education at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. † 2011 censusSources: Area and population of provinces. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian. [117], Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and wind power) and calls from EU officials to shut down the nuclear power plant at Metsamor,[118] the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. [22] Its economy is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within the Sasanian Empire. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting. [218], Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. [citation needed], Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. Armenian language, Armenian Hayeren, also spelled Haieren, language that forms a separate branch of the Indo-European language family; it was once erroneously considered a dialect of Iranian. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. [172], In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character. [46], According to the story of Hayk, the legendary founder of Armenia, around 2107 BC Hayk fought against Belus, the Babylonian God of War, at Çavuştepe along the Engil river to establish the very first Armenian state. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Instruments like the duduk, dhol, zurna, and kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Armenian (classical: հայերէն, reformed: հայերեն, [hɑjɛˈɾɛn], hayeren) is an Indo-European language, belonging to an independent branch of which it is the only member. [131] A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favour of joining the EU. Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. The agreement further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis.[141][142][143]. A loosely organized, Armenian-led resistance network based in Aleppo succeeded in helping many deportees, saving Armenian lives. Armenia supports the de facto independent Artsakh, which was proclaimed in 1991. Located in Western Asia,[108][15] on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor which is a part of Lachin District that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and Azerbaijan proper to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near Hrazdan city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps. Of note are the Mechitarists (also spelled "Mekhitarists" Armenian: Մխիթարեան), a congregation of Benedictine monks in the Armenian Catholic Church, founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Sebaste. As of 2007[update], Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. Western Armenia was permanently separated from Eastern Armenia by the Zuhab Treaty of 1639, and it became the Ottoman Armenia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [89], Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. [159] In 2016 Armenia used 1.9 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. One study ranks it the 41st most "economically free" nation in the world, as of 2014[update]. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. [citation needed]. In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.[86]. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".[75]. Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. The Armenian Church did not accept the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, 451, (the Fourth Ecumenical Council) and subsequent councils. [172] Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language. The Armenian soldiers were disarmed and murdered by Ottoman troops. Minorities of Poles and Caucasus Germans also exist though they are heavily Russified. The Book of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Most estimates of the total number of Armenians killed en route, either by troops and police or by starvation and disease, range from 600,000 to 1,500,000. Armenian is an Indo-European but that doesnt make us Europeans or Indians. This means they use double as much biocapacity as Armenia contains. In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. Armenia also has an Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO and it participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004. p. 74 by Imogen Gladman. [18][19][20] The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301. The Armenian people traditionally lived not only on the territory of the modern nation of Armenia but also in eastern Turkey. [172], In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. Despite this division and the diaspora, there are more than 8 million speakers of Armenian across the world. The Armenian Church in the United States was organized by Armenian immigrants who came to escape persecution—and Armenians have been horribly persecuted in the last 200 years. 83,286), Paul Thieme, The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties. [163][164], In the 2019 report of Global Competitiveness Index Armenia ranks 69th out of 141 economies. [150], Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries in the 2017 Human Freedom Index published by the Cato Institute .[151][152]. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of Lake Van (and therefore in the greater Armenia region), the location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23 °F). Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia.[67]. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars, Rafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia," Yerevan, 1989, De Mieroop, Marc Van. Over 93% of Christians in Armenia belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church,[205][206] which is in communion only with the churches comprising Oriental Orthodoxy—of which it is itself a member. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country.[63]. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity, in 301 AD, but Tradition holds that St. Thaddeus, one of the twelve Apostles of Christ, preached there in the first century. [31] The further origin of the name is uncertain. Armenian Genocide: The Armenian genocide included the large-scale massacres of able-bodied male population and deportation of women, children … The outbreak of World War I led to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns. Known to the Persians as Armina and to the Greeks as Armenioi, the Armenian people call themselves Hayq (singular: Hay) and their country Hayastan, and they look back to a folk hero, Hayk. Armenia is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). The ancient Armenian culture found expression in architecture, painting, and sculpture. Armenian definition, of or relating to Armenia, its inhabitants, or their language. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. [68] To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. [134][135][136][137] The Government of Armenia, however, has joined the Eurasian Customs Union[138] and the Eurasian Economic Union. Alternative Title: Armenian massacre of 1915 Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914–18). According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. [145], Armenia is classified as "partly free" in the 2019 report (with data from 2018) by Freedom House, which gives it a score of 51 out of 100,[146] which is 6 points ahead of the previous estimate. In January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernization to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%.[119][120]. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."[218]. Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. Armenian dictionary. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology and tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.[160]. Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is divided into ten provinces (marzer, singular marz), with the city (kaghak) of Yerevan (Երևան) having special administrative status as the country's capital. Pashinyan declared it[clarification needed] a "velvet revolution. The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. Enhance international co-operation in research and development. This is also true for people from over a dozen Orthodox Christian counties, like Russia, Greece, and Ukraine. 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