Charles S. Farrow DVM, DACVR, in Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging: The Horse, 2006 FETLOCK SPRAINS AND SPRAIN-AVULSION-FRACTURES. Duodeno-Relating to the duodenumDuodenoscopyObserving the duodenum VaginaVulvo, vaginal Pressure applied to the proximal palmar metacarpal region may elicit pain; however, this response/reaction should be compared with that of the other limb to determine significance. Terminology frequently used to designate body parts of organs: Lacto-Relating to milkAgalactiaNot producing milk HeartCarium, cardiac, cardio- Entero-Relating to the intestinesEnterotomyIncision into the intestines Perineo-Combining form for the region between the anus and scrotum or vulvaPerineumThe region between the anus and scrotum or vulva by Blood and Saunders. En-InwardEncephalicIn the headPertaining to the brain; within the skull Diplo-Double, twofoldDiploidResembling a double or two of the same Pilo-Relating to hairPiloerectionHair standing on end Endo-Within, innerEndocrineSecrete withinPertaining to internal secretions Dorsal pertaining to the back or top of the body, opposite of ventral Sphero-Denoting a sphere, roundSpherocyteRed blood cell with decreased volume that is round and dense (not biconcave) Toward the head. The most common directional terms are right and left. We work at the intersection of animal, human and ecosystem health: training future veterinarians and scientists, improving the health of our animal companions, ensuring the safety of the food we eat and protecting the environment that we all share. Naso-Relating to the noseNasopharyngealPertaining to the area where the nose and pharynx meet Iso-EqualIsometricMeasures the same Below (seldom used in veterinary terminology) Cranial. In-Not, in, inside, withinIngestaMaterial withinMaterial taken into the body by mouth Gloss-, glosso-Relating to the tongueHypoglossalUnder the tongue -blastDesignates a cell or structureMyeloblastBone marrow cellImmature cell of the bone marrow Plantar-- directed toward the ground surface of the pes. 2. Vaso-Denoting a vesselVasoconstrictionConstriction of blood vessels However, longitudinal tearing was present in 1 case and tearing was noted in the palmar aspect of the ligament in 2 other cases. Instrument used to view the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, or within another organ. ArmBrachial, brachio- Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. -acPertaining toCardiacPertaining to the heartPertaining to the heart oo-Denoting an eggOocystEgg cell Transverse separates body into front and back IntestinesCecum, colon, duodenum, ileum, jejunum We recommend Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, second ed. Sinistro-LeftSinistrocerebralSituated in the left hemisphere of the brain In order to look at the structure of some of the parts or organs of the body it may be necessary to cut them open or even make thin slices of them that they can be examined under the microscope. Oblique slanted or inclined plane Palmar-- directed toward the ground surface of the manus. -logyProcess of studyZoologyThe study of animalsThe biological study of animals Digital neurectomy has a high incidence of severe complications such as painful neuroma formation and rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon. Nick’s dedication and passion for veterinary education were truly inspirational and his very many friends, colleagues and students across the world have lost a true gem. Directional terms from anatomic position in dogs are more directly compared with the directional terms in humans when the human is in a quadruped position or the dog is in an upright stance posture. Dorsi-, dorso-Referring to the backDorsalPertaining toward the vertebral column Combining Forms: Somato-Denoting the bodySomaticPertaining to the body Ptyalo-Denoting salivaPtylectasisDilation of a salivary duct Axial pertaining to or with respect to the axial skeleton (head, vertebrae, rib cage My-, myo-Relating to muscleMyotomyIncision of a muscle 2. Xero-Denoting drynessXerodermaA mild form of ichthyosis, excessive dryness of the skin Toward the head (cranium) Caudal. Mesial in or near the middle of the dental arcade Palmar. For example it may be necessary to describe the position of the liver in relation to the diaphragm, or the heart in relation to the lungs. Most medical terms can be deciphered by breaking them down to their roots: Cranial pertaining to the head or cranium Plantar pertaining to the sole or caudal aspect of the digit cells) -itisInflammationPancreatitisInflammation of the pancreasInflammation of the pancreas The veterinarians at Palmer Ranch Animal Clinic have been serving the Sarasota, Venice, and surrounding communities since 1991. Distal furthest to a point of reference or point of attachment Dialy-To separateDialysisTo separate break apartProcess of separating components of a fluid and maintain viability -omaTumor, massHematomaMass of bloodA localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue Injuries of the navicular apparatus are a common finding in horses diagnosed with foot pain. Eso-InwardEsophagusStructure that brings the food inward -emiaBlood conditionLipemiaFat in the bloodAn excess of lipids in the blood Optico-Relating to visionOpticalPertaining to the ability to see -esthesiaDenoting sensationAnesthesiaWithout sensationWithout sensation Gnath-, gnatho-Denoting the jawPrognathicHaving a protruding jaw Order for procedure in health care according to mandate of supervisory personnel or dictates of other prevailing authority. Py-, pyo-Denoting pusPyonephritisInfection in the kidneys Oculo-Denoting the eyeOculomotorNerve that controls eye movement Meningo-Denoting membranes, covering the brain and spinal cordMeningiomaTumor of the spinal membranes LipCheil-, labi- Meaning and definition of plantar: caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally) For the term plantar may also exist other definitions and meanings, the meaning and definition indicated above are indicative not be used for medical and legal or special purposes. Ruth Lawson (Otago Polytechnic; Dunedin, New Zealand). Omni-AllOmnivoreOne that eats allAnimal that eats both plants and meat (i.e. An-No, notAnemiaWithout bloodDecreased number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or the amount of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes Idio-Relationship to one's self or something separate and distinctIdiopathicPertaining to a disease Pertaining to a disease with an unknown origin SkinDerma, integumentum Our people are the key to our continued success. Vertebro-Relating to the vertebraVertebral Pertaining to the vertebra Foot Pedal, ped-, -pod Onco-Denoting a swelling or massOncologyThe study of masses -ectomyExcisionLumpectomyExcision of a lumpExcision of a lump -alPertaining toNeuralPertaining to a nerve or nervesPertaining to a nerve or nerves Macr-, macro-Large, longMacrocyticLarge cells Electro-Relating to electricityElectrocauteryBurning by electricity (or coagulating) -osisAbnormal conditionProptosisAbnormal forward placement of the eyeEyeball is either pushed forward in the eye socket or is partially out of the socket. When in the palmar cortex, the foramen is located in the distal third and courses in a shorter oblique-to-transverse direction. This is sometimes abbreviated to LS. In the following chapters the systems of the body in the list above will be covered one by one. Cervico-Relating to the neckCervicalPertaining to the cervical regionPertaining to the cervical region Pharyngo-Pertaining to the pharynxPharyngotomyIncision into the pharynx Exo-Outside of, outwardExogenousPertaining to outward productionOriginating outside or caused by factors outside the organism -istOne who specializes inNephrologistPerson specializing in kidneysVeterinarian specializing in the study of kidneys Sphygma-Denoting a pulseSphygmomanometerInstrument for measuring arterial blood pressure Hypo-Below, deficientHypothyroidDeficient thyroidDeficient thyroid gland activity PrefixMeaningExampleLiteral TranslationActual Definition -centesisDenoting a punctureCystocentesisPuncture of a cystCommonly known as a needle aspirate of bladder contents Kerato-Relating to the corneaKCS (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) (inflammation and drying of the cornea and conjunctiva The most common word structures seen in veterinary practice are listed in the charts below: Terminology frequently used to designate body parts of organs: Planes and terms relative to the animal body: Mesial in or near the middle of the dental arcade If an animal or organ is sliced lengthwise this section is called a longitudinal or sagittal section. Ventral pertaining to the belly, abdomen, or underside of the body, opposite of dorsal KidneyRenal, nephric, nephro- This is not a textbook of veterinary dermatology so these tables do not contain all possible details but rather a concise overview concentrating on the most important features. Distal furthest to a point of reference or point of attachment, Courtesy of Nanette Walker Smith, RVT, CVT and Elizabeth Warren, RVT, Address (URL): http://www.vspn.org/Library/Misc/VSPN_M02371.htm, Partial or complete absence of milk flow in the absence of mammary gland disease, Movement towards the median or central line, Having the ability to work effectively with either hand, Joint which surfaces are connected by fibrocartilage (allows very little movement), Decreased number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or the amount of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes, (Neurologically) not subject to voluntary control, The science dealing with the form and structure of living organisms, Pertaining to the bile, bile ducts, or gall bladder, Measurement around the outside of a structure, Violent jar or shock that results in severe injury, Pertaining to, situated on, or affecting the opposite side, Process of separating components of a fluid and maintain viability, Pertaining to the brain; within the skull, Originating outside or caused by factors outside the organism, Use of a drug in a way or for a purpose not specified on the label, Removal of a vertebral lamina on one side only, Study of treating disease in a sick animal with drugs capable of producing the same response in a healthy animal, Of uniform quality, composition or structure, Pertaining to a clear/transparent appearance of a cast or membrane, Increase in volume of a tissue or organ produced entirely by enlargement of existing cells (over nourishment), Relationship to one's self or something separate and distinct, Pertaining to a disease with an unknown origin, Spasmodic closure of the larynx (seen in cats), The membranes that separate the thorax into right and left at the sternum and vertebral column, Pertaining to the spinal cord or bone marrow, Injection of a dye into the space around the spinal column to produce a specific image on a radiograph, Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, Animal that eats both plants and meat (i.e. caudal surface of … -scopeInstrument to visually examineEndoscopeInstrument used to view something withinInstrument used to view the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, or within another organ. -gene, -genesis, -genetic, -genicDenoting production, originAngiogenesisBlood vessel originThe development of blood vessels Body part/organMedical terminology This is sometimes abbreviated to TS or XS (see diagram 4.17). -iaConditionLeukopeniaDecreased white blood cellsReduction of the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood Transverse separates body into front and back They are only used to describe the position of structures in the human body (and possibly apes) where the upright posture means some structures are above or superior to others. Un-Not, reversalUnconsciousNot consciousNot conscious Gaster-, gastr-, gastro-Pertaining to the stomachGastrotomyCut in the stomachSurgical incision into the stomach TesticleOrchio-, orchi-, orchido- Prefix word beginning, may completely change the meaning of the word Sub-Under, nearSubmandibularUnder the mandibleUnder the mandible McIlwraith CW(1). 1. Con-Together withConcussionTogether with blowViolent jar or shock that results in severe injury The term used for animals, synonymous with autopsy (for humans). For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Laparo-Pertaining to the loin or flankLaparoscopyVisualization of the abdominal cavity vet-Anatomy is a veterinary atlas of anatomy based on veterinary imaging (MRI, CT, X-Rays) and medical illustrations, designed and created by professional anatomists and veterinary imaging specialists. Frontal plane that separates the body into top and bottom Root word foundation of the word, may change to a combining form to link words Ot-, oto-Denoting an earOtoscopyVisual exam of the ear Cyclo-Pertaining to a cycleAcyclicWithout a cycle Medical Definition of Cranial. Spermato-, spermo-Denoting spermSpermatocideAgent that destroys spermatozoa Irido-Relating to a colored circleIridiodialysisSeparation or loosening of the iris from its attachments Leuk-, leuko-Denoting deficiency of colorLeukocyteWhite blood cell Terato-Denoting a marvel, prodigy, or monsterTeratogenicProduction of a deformity in a developing embryo MuscleMyo- Chrom-, chromo-Relating to colorChromatophylicLikes color (takes up stain well, i.e. Auto-SelfAutonomicPertaining to ones nerves(Neurologically) not subject to voluntary control Planes and terms relative to the animal body: In humans, volar can also be used synonymously with palmar to refer to the underside of the palm , but plantar is used exclusively to describe the sole . Sero-Pertaining to serumSeromaSwelling of serum Thrombo-Denoting a clot of bloodThrombocyteA cell specialized for forming clots Above (seldom used in veterinary terminology) Inferior. All veterinary hospitals should have a good veterinary medical dictionary accessible at all times. Amb-, ambi-BothAmbidextrousBoth rightHaving the ability to work effectively with either hand Opisth-, opistho-BackwardOpisthotonosA form of spasm in which the head and tail are bent dorsally and the abdomen bent ventrally ... Erythema, macules, papules and/or vesicles in hairless or sparsely haired areas (scrotum, chin, perineum, palmar/plantar interdigital skin, ventral abdomen) (Fig. Spleen-, spleno-Denoting the spleenSplenomegalyEnlargement of the spleen -graphA writing, a recordElectrocardiographRecord of electrocardiogramThe record produced by electrical tracings of the heart Sclero-Denoting hardnessSclerodermaHardened skin Adopted a LibreTexts for your class? Courtesy of Nanette Walker Smith, RVT, CVT and Elizabeth Warren, RVT. Pulmo-Denoting the lungPulmonary Pertaining to the lungs/respiratory system This is the view you would get looking down on an animal lying on its back during surgery or in a post-mortem. For the dorsopalmar image, the patient is positioned on the table in ventral recumbency, with the carpus or manus of the affected limb positioned against the imaging cassette/detector to reduce magnification and geometric distortion. Normo-Normal or usualNormovolemiaNormal blood volume Cardi-, cardio-Relating to the heartCardiacPertaining to the heartPertaining to the heart Peri-Surrounding, aroundPerivascularPertaining to around a vesselAround a vessel Rostral pertaining to the nose Axial pertaining to or with respect to the axial skeleton (head, vertebrae, rib cage Legal. 6-toed cats) Recto-Denoting the rectumRectoceleHernial protrusion of part of the rectum and colon Ex-OutExciseTo cut outTo remove by cutting Myelo-Pertaining to the spinal cord or bone marrowMyelogramA record of the spinal cordInjection of a dye into the space around the spinal column to produce a specific image on a radiograph MouthOral, os, stoma, stomat- Homo-Same, similarHomogeneousGenerated the sameOf uniform quality, composition or structure Anomalo-Denoting irregularityAnomalyAn irregular finding Pod-, podo-Meaning footArthropodJointed foot (type of insect) GallbladderChole-, chol- Means the caudal (bottom) surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint … In a dorsopalmar view, the nutrient foramen appears as a thin lucent line within the medullary region. Sometimes it is useful to imagine ‘getting inside’ the animal (so to speak) to check which side is which. Di-TwiceDiarticularTwo jointsPertaining to two joints Crypt-To hide, a pitTonsilar cryptPocket of skin where the tonsils sit Retro-BehindRetrogradeGoing backwardGoing backward [ "article:topic", "Directional Terms", "Right", "Left", "Superior", "Inferior", "Longitudinal", "Sagittal Section", "Transverse", "Cross Section", "authorname:lawsonr", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FVeterinary_Medicine%2FBook%253A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)%2F04%253A_Body_Organization%2F4.08%253A_Directional_Terms, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Closer to the body than (only used for structures on limbs), Further from the body than (only used for structures on limbs), There are more grey hairs in the rostral part of the head, There is a small cut on the left palmar surface, The pads are on the plantar side of the foot. Mono-OneMonochromeOne color AnusAnal, ano- Proximal nearest to a point of reference or point of attachment Sagittal a plane or section parallel to the median plane of the body, separates body into right and left -cyteCellErythrocyteRed blood cellRed blood cell ChestThoracic, thorax, thoraco -sisState of conditionPrognosisForethought of knowledgeA forecast of the probable course of a patients condition/disease Dactylo-Relating to digitsPolydactylyMany digits (i.e. Medi-MiddleMediastinumMiddle of the sternumThe membranes that separate the thorax into right and left at the sternum and vertebral column Stomato-Denoting the mouthStomatocyteRed blood cell with the appearance of a mouth -scopyProcess of visually examiningGastroscopyVisual examination of the gastrointestinal tractVisual examination of the gastrointestinal tract Pyloro-Relating to the pylorusPylorusThe distal aperture of the stomach or abomasums Staphyl-, staphylo-Resembling a bunch of grapesStaphylococcusA group of cocci Pneuma-, pneumono-, pneumoto-Denoting air or gasPneumonitisInflammation of lung tissue = pneumonia -ostomosis, -ostomy, -stomyTo furnish with an opening or mouthGastrostomyOpening the stomachSurgical opening of the stomach Ad-Toward, nearAdductTo draw toward the medianMovement towards the median or central line Multi-ManyMultiparaMany viable births (i.e. If the section is sliced crosswise it is called a transverse or cross section. Rostral pertaining to the nose Hydr-, hydro-Denoting waterHydrocephalicwater on the brain (excessive fluid retention in the cranium) Myringo-Denoting tympani or the eardrumMyringectomyExcision of the eardrum Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to detect damage in all tissues of the equine foot, but an understanding of the differences in magnetic resonance (MR) images between feet from horses with and without palmar foot pain is … Glossary of veterinary terms . Semi-HalfSemicircular Half circleHalf circle Cranio-Relating to the cranium of the skullCraniotomyA cut into the cranium Avulsion fractures occur most commonly in the metatarsophalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints with displacement of a fragment from one or more of the plantar (palmar) processes of the proximal phalanx. Chol-, chole-, cholo-Relating to bileCholestasisStoppage of the bile flow Ant-, anti-AgainstAntibioticAgainst lifeDestructive of life Oblique slanted or inclined plane Description. -rheaMeaning a flow or dischargeDiarrheaRapid flow of fecal matterRapid flow of fecal matter Phago-Denoting a relationship to eatingPhagocytosisThe eating of cells or absorption of cells -oidDenoting form or resemblanceOpiodLike an opiateSynthetic narcotic that acts like an opiate -plastyDenoting molding or shapingRhinoplastyShaping the noseSurgical shaping of the nose Tracheo-Denoting the tracheaTracheostomyCreating an opening in the trachea The most common word structures seen in veterinary practice are listed in the charts below: 1. Morpho-Relating to formMorphologicPertaining to the shape of something EarAuricle, oto- Paired collateral ligaments bridge the sides of the three main articulations. CircumAroundCircumferenceAround the outsideMeasurement around the outside of a structure Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD; Cranial: 1. palmar definition: 1. relating to the palm (= the inside surface of the hand): 2. relating to the palm (= the inside…. -celeDenoting a swellingSialoceleSwelling of the salivary glandSwelling of the salivary gland Palmar foot pain is a common cause of lameness. Urinary bladderCysti-, cysto- Alignment of movement from one bodily locus to another (for example, … LungsPulmonary, pulmonic Suffix word ending, refers back to the root -aseForms the name of an enzymeAsparaginaseEnzymeEnzyme that catalyzes the deamination of asparagine Cryano-, cryo-Denoting coldCryosurgerySurgery performed by freezing (with liquid nitrogen) by Blood and Saunders. Ventri-, ventro-Denoting the abdomenVentralPertaining to the abdomen in non humans For a more complete listing of terms used in medicine for spatial orientation, please see the entry to "Anatomic Orientation Terms". Gluco-Denoting sweetnessGlucosuriaGlucose in the urine Definition. Frontal plane that separates the body into top and bottom Click here to let us know! movement of eyes to the right), Microscopic examination of tissue for disease (what you do to a biopsy), water on the brain (excessive fluid retention in the cranium), Separation or loosening of the iris from its attachments, Surgically created an opening in the jejunum, (inflammation and drying of the cornea and conjunctiva, Denoting membranes, covering the brain and spinal cord, Synonym for influenza virus (mucus virus), Pertaining to the area where the nose and pharynx meet, A form of spasm in which the head and tail are bent dorsally and the abdomen bent ventrally, Practice of correct function of the skeletal system, Pertaining to the study of the young/child, Combining form for the region between the anus and scrotum or vulva, The region between the anus and scrotum or vulva, The eating of cells or absorption of cells, Relating to plasma or the substance of a cell, Pertaining to the lungs/respiratory system, Pertaining to or emanating from the pupil, The distal aperture of the stomach or abomasums, Hernial protrusion of part of the rectum and colon, Situated in the left hemisphere of the brain, Red blood cell with decreased volume that is round and dense (not biconcave), Instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure, Instrument used to obtain an aural examination of the chest, Red blood cell with the appearance of a mouth, Production of a deformity in a developing embryo, Pertaining to the surface of the internal organs, Giving birth to living young which develop within the maternal body, A mild form of ichthyosis, excessive dryness of the skin. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Labio-Pertaining to the lipsLabialPertaining or toward the lips Leido-, leio-SmoothLeiomyosarcomaSarcoma of the smooth muscle Fibro-Relating to fibersFibrosarcomaFiber cancerSarcoma made of fibrous tissue Orchi-, orcho-Relating to the testesOrchiectomyRemoval of the testes CircaAboutCircadianAbout the dayA daily rhythm or daily occurrence Meg-, mega-Great, largeSplenomegalyEnlarged spleen The direction and position of slices or sections through an animal’s body have their own terminology. Hepat-, hepatico-, hepato-Pertaining to the liverHepaticPertaining to the liverPertaining to the liver At IMV imaging we employ over 100 people worldwide and we are always looking for new, enthusiastic people to join our team. Inferior for animals and accordingly lameness contact us at info @ libretexts.org or check out our page! 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