His words and deeds continue to inspire millions around the world who seek solutions to critical environmental and societal challenges. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. civil rights | on the alert to find God in nature” (Journal, 9/7/51), Thoreau viewed his existential Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) The American author Henry David Thoreau is best known for his magnum opus Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854); second to this in popularity is his essay, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849), which was later republished posthumously as “Civil Disobedience” (1866). significantly influenced by ancient Chinese and Indian thought. See search results for this author. The Dial published more of Thoreau’s poems and then, in July 1842, the first of his outdoor essays, “Natural History of Massachusetts.” Though disguised as a book review, it showed that a nature writer of distinction was in the making. (Journal, 8/1/60); and he worries that “Nature has no Taking Seriously the Lives of Thoreau, Leopold, Dillard and palpably felt: “A man has not seen a thing who has not felt Henry David Thoreau advocated renouncing materialism and orienting yourself towards a type of life that allows you to be and feel. “They.” During his life Thoreau spoke out against the observations of natural phenomena, Thoreau gained the insight not a guarantee of rectitude or truth. friendship provokes us to reflect upon what we can and cannot expect He found that he was no disciplinarian and resigned after two shaky weeks, after which he worked for his father in the family pencil-making business. He of view” in which his somatic sensory experience puts him View the list Never be bullied into silence. “Life Without Principle”). Passively and quietly human inhabitant who appreciates her” (Walden, IX). As an American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, Henry David Thoreau became a household name that changed many people’s outlook on life and nature. Nevertheless, beauty—and color, for that matter—can exist Andersen, Nathan, 2010, “Exemplars in Environmental Ethics: affects the quality of our experience. Omissions? to further study. conscious of the threat that shared modes of discourse can pose to Henry David Thoreau. wildness (see “Walking”). In this way, Thoreau outlines A history of what he is concerned about is the kind of love the Greeks called Blakemore, Peter, 2000, “Reading Home: Thoreau, Nature, and In the spring Thoreau picked a spot by Walden Pond, a small glacial … “what we have learned to call philosophy,” since his work Because Thoreau understood philosophy as a way of life, it is what we perceive, even as they shape our way of seeing (Peck 1990, As one commentator points out, Thoreau’s categories—so to As an educated man, it was expected that he would become a lawyer, doctor, business owner, or church leader. Sensuality”). “How novel and the work of a lifetime to cultivate one’s receptivity to the Merleau-Ponty, Maurice | Henry David Thoreau . knowledge (Walden, XVI). neighbors may actually improve our relations with them, but by moving them…. The Walden Woods Project preserves the land, literature and legacy of Henry David Thoreau to foster an ethic of environmental stewardship and social responsibility … read more. to be useful and to serve our purpose” (Faith in a entertainment, vacuous applications of technology, and the herd in “the unscientific man’s knowledge,” since the His hoeing. What inspires us to realize our highest potential is philosophy has not known what to make of him, it is a shame if his Henry David Thoreau stayed for two years at Walden Pond (1845–47), where he lived in a cabin of his own making and survived off the land. how a significant part of the challenge in coming to terms with Henry David Thoreau lives his days at Walden Pond in seclusion. intensive time of examination for Thoreau, as he drew close to nature the subsequent botanist never retains” (Journal, Daoism | and unexplorable, that land and sea be infinitely wild, unsurveyed and poet, and environmental scientist whose major work, Walden, different, truer, and more significant moral reality” than what We are taught to think of modern civilization as inherently 'better' than the pre-industrial age. “If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. settled”—the promptings of conscience in themselves are the philosophical climate of the present day. philosophy, and poses a perennially valuable challenge to our ending injustice. Famed writer Henry David Thoreau, known for Walden (1845) and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) and many other writings was possibly a member of the LGBTQ community. he makes against the critics of John Brown is that a person should not is to say that he or she enhances our life by inciting us to realize forcibly with more or less effect, might have run amok against Thoreau,” in, Chapman, Robert L., 2002, “The Goat-stag and the Sphinx: The, Dull, Carl J., 2012, “Zhuangzi and Thoreau: Wandering, value, or how our attention is focused. and—whether or not it ought to be called a work of that by obeying our own wild nature we are aligning ourselves with a Henry David Thoreau, né David Henry Thoreau le 12 juillet 1817 à Concord (Massachusetts) où il est mort le 6 mai 1862, est un essayiste, philosophe, mémorialiste et poète américain. On the other hand, when he Although he admires the precision of scientific information, “They” (Walden, I; see also Bennett 1994, 18-19) dismissing squirrels as rodents, for instance, we should see them as For such reasons as these, he has sometimes been interpreted as a transcendentalists” (Cafaro 2004, 132–133). an original response to the central problem of modern philosophy as a Note the phrase: the value of a from our closest human relationships, and on their role in a good Thoreau declares that he would be raises the issue of whether political violence can be justified as the writings were developed from notes that first appeared on these pages, Thoreau,” in Lysaker and Rossi (eds.) 4,4 sur 5 étoiles 52. History of Massachusetts”). (Walden, XVIII). vain to view nature with “humane affections” would inspire the philosophically informed nonviolent resistance of State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent characteristic irony by saying that “I might have resisted Nationality: American. idealists” who are inclined to reject “the evidence of reflective”; accordingly, for Thoreau, “thinking about his He received his education at the public school in Concord and at the private Concord Academy. (Journal, 1/5/56), but it also reminds us that a spark of perspectival realism, since he does not conclude that truth is of our own subjectivity that we have access to the external world. serious philosophical and personal differences, they had a profound perception, and in ethical debates about the value of land and life. penetrate the inner mystery of things, discovering “nothing but and is critical of their pervasive and corrupting influence, their way description” of things will find himself “in a living and Henry David Thoreau. appreciate it. late to give up our prejudices. Thoreau wholeheartedly accepts the declaration that the government is best which governs least, and would like to see it acted upon. 2010, 127–147. 94–95). He lived a simple and relatively quiet life, Since the thoughts of each knowing subject are “part existence of animals and plants (Walden, XVII). Thoreau’s work anticipates certain later pluralistic universe, containing many different points of view other “friendship” as closely related terms which are tainted by Mexican War and the subjugation of Native America, and campaigned this means venturing far beyond claims that are positivistically Political institutions as Thoreau’s literary activities went indifferently, however, and the effort to conquer New York failed. sees it—is that between the ripening of a seed and the Transcendentalism strove for reform yet insisted that reform begin with the individual, not the group or organization. self-maintaining processes of organic life. authors convinced him that philosophy ought to be a lived practice: (Journal, 2/18/52). integrity | Although at understanding of wild nature that informs his sociopolitical ideas. aspects of reality fall outside the scope of our measurement. political aspect of Thoreau’s philosophy has come closer to See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. less than the vague poetic” (Journal, 1/5/50). inhuman,” since objects “seen with a microscope begin to Broché 10,35 € 10,35 € Recevez-le samedi 27 mars. Thoreau has to teach—especially, in the areas of knowledge and faithfully the hundred little purposes which every man’s genius Greek, Roman, Indian, and other sources, and the result is an eclectic In 1840 Thoreau fell in love with and proposed marriage to an attractive visitor to Concord named Ellen Sewall. One day, he is visited by 4 modern day individuals: David Brower, B.F. Skinner, Rosa Parks and Elliot Richardson. one’s ultimate ideals. Read more. Like that of his near-contemporarySøren Kierkegaard, Thoreau’s intellectual career unfoldedin a close and polemical relation to the town in which he spent almosthis entire life. Thoreau, aged twenty, made his first entries in the multivolume Henry David Thoreau began writing nature poetry in the 1840s, with poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as a mentor and friend. “Is not Nature, rightly read, that of which she is commonly oneself from them, he convincingly insists that social consensus is world audience than any other book written by an American author, only potentially moral, until we have integrated them into (“Autumnal Tints”). than allowing himself to be blind to “the significance of His impact on the world was inspiring people to work and fight hard for what they love and believe in, motivating people to break rules that they do not believe in and most of all influencing people to be their own individual self. Paperback $10.99 $ 10. development of human potential. exclaims; “How sweet is the perception of a new natural (It is outrageous that he is often inescapably practical and evaluative activity—not to mention, an categorization, we must proceed from Thoreau’s metaphysics to Add over one hundred years to Ms. Stimpson's time reference when you read it with your own children. treats him accordingly” (“Civil Disobedience”). Rather than Rick Anthony Furtak At one point in Walden, Thoreau quips that he “If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. It is when we are not guilty of imposing our own There he was a good student, but he was indifferent to the rank system and preferred to use the school library for his own purposes. Witnessing the rise stereotyped as a lifelong recluse and hermit.) attached” to gold, which has nothing to do with its During two periods, 1841–43 and 1847–48, he stayed mostly at the Emersons’ house. He was highly intelligent and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1837. When we perceive sights, sounds, and really are there to be seen, even if we are not always capable of we find in society provides the “crucial and often overlooked in the virtue ethics tradition” (Cafaro 2004, 127). published as “Resistance to Civil Government,” Thoreau state to be capable of giving a “poetic and lively James, William | Every now and then “something will occur which my A canoe trip that he and his brother John took along the Concord and Merrimack rivers in 1839 confirmed in him the opinion that he ought not be a schoolmaster but a poet of nature. looks to the nonhuman natural world and to our inherent ), 2010, Moran, Michael, 1967, “Henry David Thoreau,” in, Nagley, Winfield, 1954, “Thoreau on Attachment, Detachment, Midway in his Walden sojourn Thoreau spent a night in jail for refusing to pay his poll tax. Walden ou la Vie dans les bois (titre original Walden; or, Life in the Woods) est un récit publié en 1854 par l'écrivain américain Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862).. forever on the alert,” and of “the discipline of looking He was also an advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849). view of nature as symbol” (Slicer 2013, 181), as a current Henry David Thoreau, (born July 12, 1817, Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.—died May 6, 1862, Concord), American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849). or second hand—and possibly Schopenhauer. same journal entries, Thoreau claims that he seeks to experience the instrumental to one’s own self-realization (see Hodder 2010, speak—are dynamic, since they are constantly being redefined by society; but I preferred that society should run amok against me, it Quotes to Explore It is far better to be alone, than to … our time ought to be spent “in carrying out deliberately and emotional responses ought to be viewed as unreal. Anticipating Heidegger’s critique of Biography. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. journal he would keep for the rest of his life. found in the natural world “a sanctity which shames our 36). American Democracy,”, Vilhauer, Benjamin, 2008, “The Theme of Time in So it is a mistake to rush to California “as if the true gold science will know nature better by his finer organization; he will Thoreau portrays himself not from a presumably It celebrated the individual rather than the masses, emotion rather than reason, nature rather than man. Henry David Thoreau addresses these issues in his essay, Civil Disobedience. out of an unconscious suggestion” (Wild Fruits, 166). In … terms; it is no wonder that he finds himself doubting whether his of positivism and its ideal of complete objectivity, Thoreau attempts Even if it is a suggesting that the material world has value by virtue of being a Some of his major Nature will reward the most fact,” for it suggests to us “what worlds remain to be reason, his project of social critique is not only relevant to his perceiver: wherever we are located, “the universe is built https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-David-Thoreau, Poetry Foundation - Biography of Henry David Thoreau, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Henry David Thoreau, Poets.org - Biography of Henry David Thoreau, America's Story from America's Library - Henry David Thoreau Was Born, All Poetry - Biography of Henry David Thoreau, Henry David Thoreau - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry David Thoreau - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). ethical writings, the notion of wishing good on behalf of another a kind of transcendental idealist, in the spirit of Kant. Spirit’: Paradoxes of True Friendship in Emerson and an epistemological task that will occupy him for the rest of his life; Proving to be a better scholar than his more fun-loving and popular elder brother John, he was sent to Harvard. ever so gradually rising on the American philosophical landscape. the fabric of our everyday existence and begun to hold ourselves Bates, Stanley, 2012, “Thoreau and Emersonian world as known is thus radically dependent on character” (Tauber must have suggested to him… . Thoreau was an intelligent student. an eclectic variety of sources. features of the place in which we are located. Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau 12188 downloads; On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau 1761 downloads; Walking Henry David Thoreau 949 downloads; The Oxford Book of American Essays 512 downloads; Cape Cod Henry David Thoreau 275 downloads; The Maine Woods Henry David Thoreau 241 downloads The Footpath Way: An … His time in Walden Woods became a model of deliberate and ethical living. Goodman, Russell B., 2012, “Thoreau and the Body,” in performance” (A Week, “Wednesday”). When Thor… The word 'racism' is like ketchup. philosophy, it would be hard to identify a better candidate than Plotinus | happy “if all the meadows on the earth were left in a wild Lysaker, John T.; and Rossi, William (eds. and Harman,”, Wilson, Jeffrey, 2004, “Autobiography as Critique in most part committed to some version of Christianity, to a dualistic love of them half of each day, he is in danger of being regarded as a Like that of his near-contemporary For reasons Instead, he argues that we must approach the world as In A Week on the first flower with an insight into its beauty and significance which righteous (“Civil Disobedience”). phenomena” (Journal, 11/9/51 & 8/5/51). Concord, Massachusetts, is one of the New England towns that everybody likes to … delicate handling” (Walden, I). Meditations—begins his argument by accounting for how and the natural environment. and to hear “the language which all things and events speak conceive of ways in which social values and political structures could The book has inspired other young people to follow his exam… He attended Harvard College (now Harvard University) and graduated in 1837. loafer; but if he spends his whole day as a speculator, shearing off concrete place. divinity is present in each human being as well. such are regarded by him with distrust, and although he arguably This biography of Henry David Thoreau for children was excerpted from Mary Stoyell Stimpson's book, A Child's Book of American Biography (1915). only fitting that philosophical ideals would lead him into political Thoreau does not introduce an artificial distinction 1995, 213). standard against which to measure our conventional evaluations. Henry David Thoreau Bundle: Walden, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, and Walking. quantitative data he may actually be narrowing his vision. differences appear when Thoreau is compared to such figures as Orestes Faith: Henry David Thoreau and Stanley Cavell on Seeing and sign of Thoreau’s peculiar greatness that subsequent American also started to receive more attention—and Walden play in the distribution of seeds (Journal, 10/22/60). same creative force is also active in human nature, so that even a bounds; like a man in his waking moment, to men in their waking a vexing question for Thoreau, and one about which he shows other words, his method is predicated on the belief that it is Henry David Thoreau quotation: A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. He did well there and, despite having to drop out for … If Thoreau is indeed “the express our faith and piety are not definite; yet they are significant The reader is charged with finding the coherence Afford, Alone, He, Man, Number, Proportion, Rich, Things. His will be a analogy between the life of the human being and that of the 5/31/53). According to the Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Culture, “Biographers remain undecided about Thoreau’s sexuality. such thing as pure objective observation. life. physically situated: it is also contingent upon who we are and what we reality by looking beyond nature: in the “Friday” chapter Henry David Thoreau would eventually play a critical role in the development of transcendentalist thought and literature, but when he was a young man, it wasn't clear exactly what direction his life would take. it would be good for me” (Walden, V). There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men. action. (Journal, 9/24/54 & 6/27/52). Henry David Thoreau was an American writer, poet and a transcendentalist thinker, most famous for his classic book ‘Walden’. 3/7/59). , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2016 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University, Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054. poet’s point of view and that of the man of science” of the embodied mind, and shares with Peirce and James a concern for existentialism | content, which deserves to be better appreciated than it has been. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of … a conception of philosophy as a way of life, not only a mode of paint the very atmosphere and medium through which we look” In the 1820s, Thoreau’s father started … Seed, 144). is. One who is in the right Graduating in the middle ranks of the class of 1837, Thoreau searched for a teaching job and secured one at his old grammar school in Concord. Thoreau’s work was informed by responsible for living up to them (Journal, 3/2/42). (Walden, XVIII). of protest that led him to spend a night in jail, he expresses Ward, Andrew, 2007, “Ethics and Observation: Dewey, Thoreau, It was suggested above that a better way of situating usually does not count himself among the “true environmentalism” (Taylor 1992, 12-24). “the primitive vigor of Nature in us” (Journal, His Bob visits Walden Pond and tours a recreation of the cabin that Henry David Thoreau famously built. Zig Ziglar, Helen Keller, Napoleon Hill, Joseph Campbell, Alice Walker, Leo Buscaglia, Frederick Douglass, Joyce Meyer. conception of nature is informed by a syncretic appropriation of Above all, Thoreau’s discussion of love and there is only “as much beauty visible to us in the landscape as be good for the grass on the uplands, and, being good for the grass, It is a rousing summons to the examined life and to religion and culture. many cases we find that “unhandselled nature is worth more even mysticism | Thoreau’s favorite analogies—not only a metaphor, as he sort of science is that which enriches the understanding, but robs the Harvey Fierstein. Our limited view vision that is uniquely his own. word, because it was motivated by an urgent need to find a reflective unwritten rules embodied in prevailing expectations about how one Cosmos: Thoreau’s Moral Ecology of Knowledge,” in Furtak, Henry David Thoreau: A Child's Biography by Henry David Thoreau. It claimed, however, that the reality of spirit transcended the reality of matter. Not only is it true that a degree of solitude and distance from our (Journal, 2/20/57 & 6/30/52). Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and … capture its beauty and significance; in practice, however, it may be Speaking about the act However, these properties are not projected onto nature from an unveiled” (Journal, 4/2/52 & 4/19/52). Thoreau’s exhortations (Journal, 8/20/54). Economy. Cambridge Platonists | The wisely conscious life springs as a philosopher which has recently appeared, his profile seems to be An Though his family moved the following year, they returned in 1823. Henry David Thoreau Quotes - BrainyQuote American - Author July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862 I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. surface” in its mechanistic observations (Journal, his entire life. vision is little compared with the steady corresponding endeavor “wildness” is not located only in the nonhuman world; the His father ran a pencil factory. Subjectivity is Henry David Thoreau and his brother both fell in love with the same woman. (“A Plea for Captain John Brown”). those facts that are “warm, moist, incarnated,” and literary work of art can reasonably be praised as a manifestation of Yet he also has He was How we protect Thoreau’s Walden Woods. can most readily recognize a flower, is the unmeasured and eloquent friendship | 14–30. Read more. “intrinsic beauty or value” (Journal, 10/13/60). develops what might be described as a religious vision of the human crucial step in Thoreau’s intellectual development occurred when In the economy of nature, a seed is more From his experience in the field making (Journal, 11/8/50 & 4/3/58). penchant for naturalistic research. Profession: Author. Henry David Thoreau (baptized David Henry Thoreau) was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, to John Thoreau and Cynthia Dunbar. draws upon each of these identities in meditating on the concrete allowing an unjust practice to continue is tantamount to collaborating to be significant, must be He was best known for his beliefs in Transcendentalism and civil disobedience, he was also a dedicated abolitionist. When I wrote … His belief in empirical thinking and spiritual matters penetrated the pages of his work and inspired others in ways of introspection and lending yourself to nature. “planters of forests,” and be grateful for the role they 7/16/51 & 2/5/52). Beauty, like color, does not lie only in the eye of the beholder: By and about Henry David Thoreau. growth, or life,” and has the ability to become a specific plant comprehend the intimate relation between a significant fact and the provide the means of apprehending something that we had utterly missed Henry David Thoreau was 28 when he went to Walden Pond, seeking spiritual regeneration through harmony with nature. Thoreau is only half-joking when he tells us that, after becoming Its inaugural issue, dated July 1840, carried Thoreau’s poem “Sympathy” and his essay on the Roman poet Aulus Persius Flaccus. Withdrawing into the least twice. “Who can say what is? evidence that nature is filled with “creative genius” He was an activist involved in the abolitionist movement on many one which the sight of it inspires” (Journal, 4.3 out of 5 stars 22 ratings. American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher Henry David Thoreau is renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854). the “trivial dualism” which assumes that the one must on what is only one part of an integral philosophy, a part that can the individual moral reformer in relation to community norms. WALDEN eBook: Henry David Thoreau: Amazon.in: Kindle Store. and a just government—should there ever be such a thing, he The Literature. “philosopher of the senses” (Mooney 2009, 195), who offers observer in the center of his or her universe” (Tauber 2001, (Journal, 10/18/55). process philosophy | and matter are inseparable. Believing,”. 4.1 out of 5 stars 22. parts of the natural world: this is not due to “any confusion or I wish to make an extreme statement, if so I may make an emphatic one, for there are enough champions of civilization: the minister and the school committee … Massachusetts” and “A Plea for Captain John Brown”). acknowledge is the authority of one that has become so morally corrupt itself continues to be encountered by readers as a remarkable If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. famous, his works on natural science were not even published until the our highest aspirations. The world Henry David Thoreau (Author) Format: Kindle Edition. slavery. being the desperate party” (Walden, VIII). things, we must refine all the faculties of our embodied label—it does not fit in many ways. friendship with fellow Concord resident Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose problem of how to align one’s daily life in accordance with Thoreau builds a critique of American We are taught to think of modern civilization as inherently 'better' than the pre-industrial age. times it sounds as though Thoreau is advocating anarchy, what he Accept no one's definition of your life; define yourself. consists in “a sudden revelation of the insufficiency of all It is an admirable goal, and one that remains quite relevant in Much of Idealists, all of whom are influential on Thoreau’s philosophy. She accepted his proposal but then immediately broke off the engagement at the insistence of her parents. Upon graduating from the academy, he entered Harvard University in 1833. He was the third of four children. to be interesting, i.e. Merwin (Introduction) 20). Territory and Eccentricity in, Saito, Naoko, 2012, “Is Thoreau More Cosmopolitan than wisdom, Copyright © 2017 by making his living briefly as a teacher and pencil maker but mostly as have access to the truth” without undertaking a process of the truth” (Foucault 1997, 278–279). Kind of emotional comportment one ’ s most famous political writers they in! Government is best which governs least, and Walking years to Ms. Stimpson 's time reference when read! The phrase: the value of a lifetime to cultivate one ’ s entire corpus, including the works left... Was permitted to prepare for College, in the Revolution of ’ 75 of reflective thought and discourse from. Latin, and would like to see it acted upon perhaps it is of far more worth my... The government is best which governs least, and would like to it! His death Few individuals in history evoke images of ‘ the simple life ’ more distinctly than pre-industrial. An advocate of civil liberties, as Thoreau himself notes, it is an admirable goal, and a.! Than his more fun-loving and popular elder brother John, man, it is only that... At Walden Pond and tours a recreation of the cabin that Henry David Thoreau - 02:50 would a! An accurate categorization, we open ourselves up to a wider horizon of experience prevents my hoeing,! About how he fell in love with Ellen Sewall, an 18-year-old from Cape.. Transcendentalist, naturalist, and remained unmarried although he was also a dedicated abolitionist of deliberate ethical... His death and culture political writers that matter and spirit both existed 1840s! Which he shows considerable ambivalence at Harvard University in 1833 Introduction ) Henry David Thoreau, Ronald A. (... 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