[32], As abolitionism grew more vocal in the mid-1830s, Congress was inundated with petitions from anti-slavery groups seeking legislation to restrict slavery in the United States. In another foreign policy development that year, Commodore Matthew C. Perry led the negotiation of a treaty that opened trade with Japan after years of Dutch monopoly. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and ...read more, Born of humble origins in New York State, Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) became a lawyer and won election to the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 1833. A. Roys, sent a letter to Lincoln's Secretary of State, William H. Seward, accusing the former president of meeting with disloyal people, and saying he had heard there was a plot to overthrow the government and establish Pierce as president. [121] Under the Pierce administration, Commodore Matthew C. Perry visited Japan (a venture originally planned under Fillmore) in an effort to expand trade to the East. Later that month, the pro-administration Detroit Tribune printed an item calling Pierce "a prowling traitor spy", and intimating that he was a member of the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle. When was the last time, if ever, that a sitting president was not nominated by his party for a second term? [180][181], Despite a reputation as an able politician and a likable man, during his presidency Pierce served only as a moderator among the increasingly bitter factions that were driving the nation towards civil war. He saw both the bank and infrastructure spending as unconstitutional, with internal improvements the responsibility of the states. General Zachary Taylor's advance slowed in northern Mexico, and General Winfield Scott proposed capturing the port of Vera Cruz and driving overland to Mexico City. The struggle over the Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in the formation of the Republican Party. As President, he tried to keep Northern and Southern Democrats united. They both suffered severe depression afterward, which likely affected Pierce's performance as president. Pierce was elected president on a platform that included support of the Compromise of 1850. Pierce grew angry, expressing sadness over Lincoln's death but denying any need for a public gesture. I was not a supporter of him politically, but I knew him more intimately than I did any other of the volunteer generals. The passage of the act resulted in so much violence between groups that the territory became known as Bleeding Kansas. Guthrie increased oversight of Treasury employees and tariff collectors, many of whom were withholding money from the government. [146] Pierce and his cabinet left office on March 4, 1857, the only time in U.S. history that the original cabinet members all remained for a full four-year term. His father Benjamin was a lieutenant in the American Revolutionary War who moved from Chelmsford, Massachusetts to Hillsborough after the war, purchasing 50 acres (20 ha) of land. When Congress declared war against Mexico in May 1846, Pierce immediately volunteered to join, although no New England regiment yet existed. The president continued to recognize the pro-slavery legislature, which was dominated by Democrats, even after a Congressional investigative committee found its election to have been illegitimate. In his December 1855 message to Congress Pierce had set forth the American case that Britain had violated the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. [63] Pierce remained in command of his brigade during the three-month occupation of the city; while frustrated with the stalling of peace negotiations, he also tried to distance himself from the constant conflict between Scott and the other generals. [11] During his final year at Bowdoin, he spent several months teaching at Hebron Academy in rural Hebron, Maine, where he earned his first salary and his students included future Congressman John J. Pierce was interred next to his wife and two of his sons in the Minot enclosure at Concord's Old North Cemetery. "[93], In his Cabinet appointments, Pierce sought to unite a party that was squabbling over the fruits of victory. This would repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820, as most of it was north of the 36°30′ N line the Missouri Compromise deemed "free". Pierce was born in New Hampshire. He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan, while his Cabinet reformed their departments and improved accountability, but these successes were overshadowed by political strife during his presidency. [159] He spent most of his time in Concord and his cottage at Little Boar's Head on the coast, sometimes visiting Jane's relatives in Massachusetts. [60], Ulysses S. Grant, who had the opportunity to observe Pierce firsthand during the war, countered the allegations of cowardice in his memoirs, written several years after Pierce's death: "Whatever General Pierce's qualifications may have been for the Presidency, he was a gentleman and a man of courage. With the bill stalled in the Senate, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas led a successful effort to split it into separate measures so that each legislator could vote against the parts his state opposed without endangering the overall package. [16] In Hillsborough, his law partner was Albert Baker, who had studied law under Pierce and was the brother of Mary Baker Eddy. Pierce also offered the seat to Benjamin, and when the Louisianan persisted in his refusal,[101] nominated instead John Archibald Campbell, an advocate of states' rights; this would be Pierce's only Supreme Court appointment. [54] Polk's most prominent cause was the annexation of Texas, an issue which caused a dramatic split between Pierce and his former ally Hale, now a U.S. Representative. Winning both the popular and the electoral vote, Pierce assumed the presidency on March 4, 1853. This novel tactic backfired after several ballots as Virginia, New Hampshire, and Maine switched to Pierce; the remaining Buchanan forces began to break for Marcy, and Pierce was soon in third place. Pierce was closer to the radicals philosophically, and reluctantly agreed to represent Hill's adversary in a legal dispute regarding ownership of a newspaper—Hill lost, and founded his own paper, of which Pierce was a frequent target. His hope to fight in the Mexican–American War was one reason he refused an offer to become Polk's Attorney General. His party, however, would have none of it. He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver, knowing he would not recover. During Pierce's childhood, his father was deeply involved in state politics, while two of his older brothers fought in the War of 1812; public affairs and the military were thus a major influence in his early life. The administration was widely disliked in the North for its position on the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and Democratic leaders were aware of Pierce's electoral vulnerability. When Pierce won the Democratic Party’s nomination in 1852, Hawthorne quickly volunteered to write “the necessary biography,” seemingly as a gesture of friendship. His reputation in the North suffered further during the American Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Abraham Lincoln. Criticized for the Ostend Manifesto. [88], Pierce began his presidency in mourning. [14] He then spent a semester at Northampton Law School in Northampton, Massachusetts, followed by a period of study in 1826 and 1827 under Judge Edmund Parker in Amherst, New Hampshire. By the following morning fourteen ballots had been completed, but none of the three main candidates were able to get two-thirds of the vote. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/franklin-pierce Pierce had supported the Compromise of 1850, which made him an acceptable candidate to the South. This incited the Free Soilers to field their own candidate, Senator Hale of New Hampshire, at the expense of the Whigs. In reality, his chances of winning the nomination (let alone the general election) were slim. [48] Jane had remained in Concord with her young son Frank and her newborn Benjamin for the latter part of Pierce's senate term, and this separation had taken a toll on the family. While the younger Pierce had set out to build a career as an attorney, he was fully drawn into the realm of politics as the 1828 presidential election between Adams and Jackson approached. [100] Another of Pierce's reforms was to expand the role of the U.S. attorney general in appointing federal judges and attorneys, which was an important step in the eventual development of the Justice Department. [142] The Buchanan/Breckinridge ticket was elected, but the Democratic percentage of the popular vote in the North fell from 49.8 percent in 1852 to 41.4 in 1856 as Buchanan won only five of sixteen free states (Pierce had won fourteen), and in three of those, Buchanan won because of a split between the Republican candidate, former California senator John C. Frémont and the Know Nothing, former president Fillmore. [162], In addition to his LL.D. Other possible standard-bearers included Douglas, Cass, William Marcy of New York, James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, Sam Houston of Texas, and Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. As president, Pierce simultaneously attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the diverse elements of the Democratic Party with patronage, an effort which largely failed and turned many in his party against him. Congress passed a bill authorizing the creation of ten regiments, and Pierce was appointed commander and colonel of the 9th Infantry Regiment in February 1847, with Truman B. The arrival of large numbers of Irish Catholics affected race relations as well. On the second anniversary of Jane's death, Pierce was baptized into his wife's Episcopal faith at St. Paul's Church in Concord. Jackson's second term was under way, and the House of Representatives had a strong Democratic majority, whose primary focus was to prevent the Second Bank of the United States from being rechartered. [44] New Hampshire Democrats insisted that their state's U. S. senators be limited to one six-year term, so he had little likelihood of re-election. His private law practice was a success, and he was appointed New Hampshire's U.S. Attorney in 1845. In his final message to Congress, delivered in December 1856, he vigorously attacked Republicans and abolitionists. If anything, he has been forgotten and relegated to a footnote in history books—as an amiable nonentity who had no business being president and who reached that lofty position purely by the accident of circumstance. After 34 votes, four different men surfaced as front-runners. [153], In September 1861, Pierce traveled to Michigan, visiting his former Interior Secretary, McClelland, former senator Cass, and others. His military exploits elevated his popularity in New Hampshire, but his injuries and subsequent troubles in battle led to accusations of cowardice which would long shadow him. President Franklin Pierce, approximately 1804-1869, Library of Congress. He considered the depression a result of the banking system's rapid growth, amidst "the extravagance of overtrading and the wilderness of speculation". [note 6][140], Pierce endorsed Buchanan, though the two remained distant; he hoped to resolve the Kansas situation by November to improve the Democrats' chances in the general election. [130][131], Pierce fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats. He did earn the respect of many in his party for keeping New Hampshire Democrats together behind Lewis Cass in the 1848 presidential election (despite a threat by the Free Soil Party) and for holding state Democrats to the terms of the controversial Compromise of 1850 against challenges to its tough fugitive slave law. Pierce considered his presidency a work in progress, and he desperately wanted a second term to make amends for his earlier shortcomings. [156][157], Jane Pierce died of tuberculosis in Andover, Massachusetts in December 1863; she was buried at Old North Cemetery in Concord, New Hampshire. *In 1852, the Democratic Party nominated New Hampshirite Franklin Pierce to take on Whig presidential candidate Winfield Scott. Prior to that, the Arkansas native and Democrat was governor of his home state. These suspicions increased after Pierce pressured Great Britain to give up interests in Central America and tried to persuade Spain to sell Cuba to the United States. [5], Pierce's father ensured that his sons were educated, and he placed Pierce in a school at Hillsborough Center in childhood and sent him to the town school at Hancock at age 12. The administration's opponents in the North worked together to return opposition members to Congress, though only a few northern Whigs gained election. Grant. In that capacity, he urged the modernization and expansion of the Army, with a focus on militias and mobility rather than on coastal fortifications, which he considered outdated. Weeks after his election, on January 6, 1853, the President-elect's family had been traveling from Boston by train when their car derailed and rolled down an embankment near Andover, Massachusetts. Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife Anna Kendrick; his first wife Elizabeth Andrews died in childbirth, leaving a daughter. The split Democrats were soundly defeated for the presidency by the Republican candidate, Lincoln. His inability to cope with the difficult problems that arose early in his administration caused him to lose the respect of great numbers, especially in the North, and his few successes failed to restore public confidence. Pierce’s support helped push the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress, while shared opposition to the bill led a coalition including antislavery Democrats, Free Soilers and former Whigs to form the new Republican Party. It also passed a tariff reduction bill he had long sought. A caretaker was hired; none of his family members were present in his final days. [note 7] The public placed him third-to-last among his peers in C-SPAN surveys (2000 and 2009). The unit performed drill on campus near the president's house, until the noise caused him to demand that it halt. During his presidency, the Apache Wars continued, the Walker War (1853–1854) with the Ute Indians took place in Utah, the Sioux Wars (1854 - 1890) broke out, as well as several other Indian wars. [148] In Rome, he visited Nathaniel Hawthorne; the two men spent much time together and the author found the retired president as buoyant as ever. The younger Pierce was appointed as chairman of the House Education Committee in 1829 and the Committee on Towns the following year. [156][157] Pierce's comments were ill-received in much of the North, especially as his criticism of Lincoln's aims coincided with the twin Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. The move to Concord had given him more opportunities for cases, and allowed Jane Pierce a more robust community life. Pierce later cited this moment as "the turning-point in my life". Pierce's father, meanwhile, was elected again as governor, retiring after that term. Marcy completed a trade reciprocity agreement with British minister to Washington, John Crampton, which reduced the need for British coastline enforcement. [39], Pierce voted the party line on most issues and was an able senator, but not an eminent one; he was overshadowed by the Great Triumvirate of Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster, who dominated the Senate. It helped discredit the expansionist policy of Manifest Destiny the Democratic Party had often supported. [46], Despite his resignation from the Senate, Pierce had no intention of leaving public life. A sizable block of Free Soilers broke for Pierce's in-state rival, Hale, who won 4.9 percent of the popular vote. [78][79] Scott was harmed by the lack of enthusiasm of anti-slavery northern Whigs for him and the platform; New-York Tribune editor Horace Greeley summed up the attitude of many when he said of the Whig platform, "we defy it, execrate it, spit upon it". [152] Pierce publicly opposed President Lincoln's order suspending the writ of habeas corpus, arguing that even in a time of war, the country should not abandon its protection of civil liberties. On the 49th ballot, Pierce received all but six of the votes, and thus gained the Democratic nomination for president. His view of the Constitution and the Union was from the Jacksonian past. In the Democratic party, especially, New England cut a small figure. [171] Pierce's presidency is widely regarded as a failure; he is often described as one of the worst presidents in American history. He responded, "For God's sake, General, this is the last great battle, and I must lead my brigade." The election came at a difficult time for Pierce, as his father, sister, and brother were all seriously ill, while his wife also continued to suffer from chronic poor health. [64], Pierce was finally allowed to return to Concord in late December 1847. Pierce, a former senator and congressman from New Hampshire, was hardly a known commodity. Pierce supported a resolution by Calhoun against this proposal, which Pierce considered a dangerous stepping stone to nationwide emancipation. [7] Later that year, he transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college. Secretary of War Davis and Navy Secretary James C. Dobbin found the Army and Navy in poor condition, with insufficient forces, a reluctance to adopt new technology, and inefficient management. Benjamin (April 13, 1841 – January 6, 1853) died at the age of 11 in a train accident. [102], Pierce charged Treasury Secretary James Guthrie with reforming the Treasury, which was inefficiently managed and had many unsettled accounts. By 1824, New Hampshire was a hotbed of partisanship, with figures such as Woodbury and Isaac Hill laying the groundwork for a party of Democrats in support of General Andrew Jackson. [137][138][139] This loss marked the only time in U.S. history that an elected president who was an active candidate for reelection was not nominated by his political party for a second term. When Seward refused to make their correspondence public, Pierce publicized his outrage by having a Senate ally, California's Milton Latham, read the letters between Seward and Pierce into the Congressional record, to the administration's embarrassment. Back in New Hampshire, Pierce became the leader of the state's Democratic Party. The office of vice president remained vacant for the remainder of Pierce's term, as the Constitution then had no provision for filling the vacancy. Born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, Franklin Pierce was the son of Benjamin Pierce, a hero of the American Revolution who was twice elected governor of New Hampshire. Political party: Democratic: Spouse(s) Jane Appleton Pierce: Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only President from New Hampshire. [177] The failure of Pierce, as president, to secure sectional conciliation helped bring an end to the dominance of the Democratic Party that had started with Jackson, and led to a period of over seventy years when the Republicans mostly controlled national politics. The opposition Whig Party was more divided around the Compromise, and southerners hated the Whig candidate, General Winfield Scott, which helped Pierce win a narrow victory. [114][115] While the administration negotiated with Britain over the Canada–US border, U.S. interests were also an issue in Central America, where the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 had failed to keep Great Britain from expanding its influence in the region. This was a chore, as he sought to represent all factions of the party, and could fully satisfy none of them. [148] The rise of the Republican Party forced the Democrats to defend Pierce; during his debates with Republican Senate candidate Abraham Lincoln in 1858, Douglas called the former president "a man of integrity and honor". Starting from the days that he was in the New Hampshire parliament, Franklin Pierce always gave his all to the development of the [38], The resignation in May 1836 of Senator Isaac Hill, who had been elected governor of New Hampshire, left a short-term opening to be filled by the state legislature, and with Hill's term as senator due to expire in March 1837, the legislature also had to fill the six-year term to follow. The Democrats faced the same divisive issue. Scott yielded, and Pierce entered the fight tied to his saddle, but the pain in his leg became so great that he passed out on the field. 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